Jharkhand (lit. "Bushland" or The land of forest) is a state in eastern India, carved out of the
southern part of Bihar on
15 November 2000.[7] The state shares its border with the states
of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh to
the northwest, Chhattisgarh to
the west, Odisha to the
south and West
Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,710 km2 (30,778 sq mi). It is the 16th largest state by area, and the 14th largest by population. Hindi is official language of the state.[4] The city of Ranchi is its
capital and Dumka its sub
capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places.[8] Baidyanath Dham, Parasnath and Rajrappa are
major religious places.[9]
The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic
period, as shown by several ancient cave paintings in the state.[10][11] Even evidence of use of iron was earlier
than other part of north-west India as carbon dating indicate that use of iron
started in this region early as 1400 BCE. [12] Due to plateau reign and forest tracts,
this region most of time remains little affected by outside empire.[13] Maurya , Gupta, Gauda , Nagvanshi, Ramgarh Raj, Chero ruled for
breif period in the region. In 16th century Mughal influence
reached the region. Finally region comes under East
India Company in 18th century.
After Independence of India, the region became part of Bihar state. There was demand for
separate state by prominent leaders in the region after Independence but this
demand was not fulfilled. During 1980s and 90s several reginal political party
and organisations called for several strike in demand of Separate state . Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 passed in Parliament which
give rise new state of Jharkhand.[14]
Jharkhand suffers from resource curse:[15] it accounts for more than 40% of
the mineral resources of India,[16] but 39.1% of its population is below the
poverty line and 19.6% of the children under five years of age are
malnourished.[17] The state is primarily rural, with only
24% of the population living in cities.[18] Jharkhand is among the leading state in
economic growth. In 2017-18, the GSDP growth rate of state was at 10.22%.[19]
Contents
·
2History
·
6Economy
·
7Culture
·
8Media
o
9.1Air
o
9.2Roads
o
9.3Ports
o
9.4Rail
·
12Sports
The word "Jhar" means Bush and "Khand" means
land in Indo-Aryan
language. Thus Jharkhand means land of Bush or forest.
In medivial period the region was known as "Jharkhand".
A sanskrit sloka
on a palm leaf stated: "Ayask paayah panam, Sal paatre cha bhojanam,
Shyamanam khajure patre, Jharkhand Bidhiyate" meaning: People here drink
water from metal vessels; eat out from sal leaf. They sleep on palm leaves.
This is the rule in Jharkhand.
Jharkhand is referred in work of Saint Kabir Das too.
Kabse chhodi Mathura nagri, Kabse chhodi Kashi, Jharkhand me aay viraje
Vrindavan ke wasi.
Old songs in praise of Lord Shiva in the Hindu place of
pilgrimage Deoghar, too refers
to Jharkhand. "param pavitra bhumi dhyana Jharkhand van, Base jaha
pujyapad Baba Baidhnath ji. Basan me mrigchhala, gale sobhe mundmala, Bhasm
ramaye ang Baba Baidhnath ji. Shish sobhe jatajut, Kanth nile Kalkut, Damru
trishul dhar Baba Baidhnath ji".[20]
Main article: History
of Jharkhand
Stone tools have been discovered from Chota Nagpur plateau
region which is from Mesolithic and Neolithic period.[21] There are ancient Cave Paintings in
Isko, Hazaribagh
district which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000-5,000
BC).[22] Several Iron slags, microlith, Potsherds have
been iscovered from Singhbhum
district which are from 1400 BCE according to Carbon dating
age.[23]The region was ruled by many Empire and
dynasty including Mourya , Gupta, Gauda , Nagvanshi, Ramgarh Raj and Chero.
During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BC, Jharkhand state
was a part of Magadha and Anga[citation needed]. Samudragupta, while
marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region, directed the first attack
against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in
the Mahanadi valley.[24] In 7th Century, Chainse traveler Xuanzang passed
through the region. He described the kingdom as Karnasuvarna and Shashanka as
its ruler. To the north of Karn-Suberna was Magadha, Champa was in East, Mahendra
in the west and Orissa in the south.[25]
During medivial period, the region ruled Chero and Nagvanshi ruler.
The Mughal influence reached Palamu during
the reign of Emperor Akbar when
it was invaded by Raja
Mansingh in 1574. Several invasion took place during moghal
rule.[26] During region of Nagvanshi King Madhu
Singh, Akbar' general invaded Khukhra. Also there
was invasion during region of Durjan Sal and Raghunath Shah.[27]
The King Medini
Ray , ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamau.[28] His rule extended to areas in
South Gaya and Hazaribagh. He
attacked Navratangarh and defeated the NagvanshiMaharaja
of Chhotanagpur.[29] The Chero rule in Palamu region
lasted till 18th CE, until internal conflict between various fraction weaken
cheros and they defeated by East
India Company. Later Palamu estate was sold by British.[30] Region under Kings of Chero dynasty,
Nagvanshi dynasty and Ramgarh became
parts of territories of East
India Company.
The subjugation and colonisation of Jharkhand region by the
British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people.
The first revolt against the British East India Company was led by Raghunath Mahato, in
1769.[31]
In 1771,the revolt against the landlords and the British
government was led by Tilka
Manjhi, a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills.Soon after in 1779, the
Bhumij tribes rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum. In 1807, the
Oraons in Barway murdered their big landlord from Srinagar. Munda
tribe rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813.
Bakhtar Sai and Mundal Singh, two landowners, fought against the
British East India company in 1812. [32]
The Princly states in Chota
Nagpur Plateau, came within the sphere
of influence of the Maratha Empire, but
they became tributary states of British East India Company as a result of
the Anglo-Maratha
Wars known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States.[33]
The Hos in Singhbhum revolted in 1820, Kol revolt in 1832 West Bengal.
Santhal rebellion against Zamindari system during
British Company
Raj in 1855
The Santhal rebellion broke
out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu.
The brothers Nilambar and Pitambar were chiefs of Bhogta clan of
the Kharwar tribe,
who held ancestral jagirs with many Chero Jagirdars led revolt against British
East India company.[34]
Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo, king of Barkagarh led
rebel against Brithish East India Company in 1857 rebellion. In Battle of Chatra conflict
took place between rebel and East India company. He was fighting with
Britishers, but caught due to treachery and was hanged in April 16, 1858.[35][36]
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East
India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person
of Queen
Victoria,[37] who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India.
The Cheros and Kharwars again
rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.[38] Then Birsa Munda revolt,[39] broke out in 1895 and lasted till 1900.
The revolt though mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar,
Sarwada and Bandgaon.
In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the
predominantly Hindi-speaking
states of Chang
Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal
government to that of the Central Provinces,
while the two Oriya-speaking
states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States, leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable
to the Bengal governor.[40]
In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the Eastern States Agency, the officials of which came
under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under
that of any Provinces.
In March 1940, INC 53rd Session[41][42] was accomplished under the presidency
of Maulana
Abul Qalam Azad at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh now Ramgarh
Cantonment. Mahatma Gandhi,[43] Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, Dr.
Rajendra Prasad, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Acharya J.B. Kripalani, Industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj and
others greats leaders[44] of Indian freedom movement attended the
Ramgarh Session. [45] Mahatma Gandhi also opened khadi and
village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh.[46]
Jawaharlal Nehru, industrialist Jamnalal
Bajaj, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, andMaulana Azad at the 1940
Ramgarh Session of the Indian National Congress
At that time, under the leadership of Netajee Subhas
Chandra Bose conference against Samjhauta was also completed.
In Ramgarh, Subhsha Chandra Bose was seen as president of All India Forward
Block and M.N. Roy was seen as leader of Radical democratic party.
The ancient Baidyanath Jyotirlinga Temple in Deoghar
After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states
chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later
became part of Madhya
Pradesh state, but Gangpur and Bonai became part of Orissa state,
and Kharsawanand Saraikela part
of Bihar state.[47] Prominent leader like Jaipal
Singh Munda and Ram Narayan Singh demanded
separate but this demand was not fulfilled. After formation of Jharkhand Mukti Morcha and All Jharkhand Students Union, leader like Binod
Bihari Mahato, Shibu Soren and Nirmal Mahto spearheaded
movement for separate state of Jharkhand.[48]
After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung
assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition
that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill. Finally, with the support
from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the BJP
which had made statehood its mail poll plank in the region in successive polls
earlier, cleared the Bihar reorganisation Bill in the monsoon session of the
Parliament this year, thus paving the way for the creation of a separate
Jharkhand state.[49] . NDA formed the government and Babulal Marandi took
oath of cheif minister in November 15, 2000 on the birth anniversary of tribal
leader Birsa
Munda.[50]
The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still
influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of
the relatively underdeveloped southern part of Bihar. According to the 1991
census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% is
tribal while 12% of the people belong to scheduled castes. Jharkhand has 24 districts,
260 blocks and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% have access to electricity
while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of
mineral wealth in the country after Chhattisgarh state, endowed as it is with
vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite,
graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest
resources.[51]
Jharkhand has been at the centre of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. Since the uprising of
the Naxalites in
1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and
counter-insurgency operations by the police, and
its paramilitary groups
such as the Salwa
Judum.[52]
Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's
geographical area[53] (home to 5.50% of India's population),
the state of Jharkhand is part of the "Naxal Belt" comprising 92,000
square kilometres,[53] where the highest concentrations of the
groups estimated 20,000 combatants fight.[54] Part of this is due to the fact that the
state harbours a rich abundance of natural resources, while its people live in
abject poverty and destitution.[55] The impoverished state provides ample
recruits for the communist insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on
behalf of the landless poor that see few benefits from the resource
extractions.[55] As the federal government holds a
monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the tribal population is
prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.[55] In response, the insurgents have
recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction
of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.[53]
On 5 March 2007, Sunil Mahato, a
member of the national parliament, was shot dead by Naxalite rebels near
Kishanpur while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi. His widow, Suman Mahato,
the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha candidate, won the
Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by-election in September 2007 and served in parliament
until 2009.[56]
Palash flowers,
bright red, pepper the skyline in Jharkhand during fall, also known as forest
fire
Jharkhand is located in the eastern part of India and is
enclosed by Bihar to the
northern side, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh to
the western side, Odisha to
the southern part and West
Bengal to the eastern part.
Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of 79.70 lakh hectare.
Much of Jharkhand lies on the Chota
Nagpur Plateau. Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau.
They are: Damodar, North Koel, South Koel, Sankh, Brahmani and Subarnarekha rivers.
The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state.
Much of the Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest. Forests sustain the
population of Elephants and tigers.
A Female Indian Elephant at Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand
Climate of Jharkhand varies from Humid subtropical in
the north to tropical wet and dry in the south-east.[57] The main seasons are summer, rainy,
autumn, winter and spring. The summer lasts from mid-April to mid-June. May,
the hottest month, characterized by daily high temperatures around
38 °C(100 °F) and low temperatures around 25 °C (77 °F).
The southwest monsoon, from mid-June to October, brings
nearly all the state's annual rainfall, which ranges from about 40 inches
(1,000 mm) in the west-central part of the state to more than 60 inches
(1,500 mm) in the southwest. Nearly half of the annual precipitation falls
in July and August.The winter season lasts from November to February. The
temperatures in Ranchi in
December usually vary from about 10 °C (50 °F) to around 24 °C
(75 °F). Spring season lasts from mid-February to mid-April.[58]
Jal Mandir, Shikharji
·
Parasnath: Parasnath
Hill is also recognized as Sri
Sammed Sikharji. The Parasnath Hill is situated in Giridih district
of Jharkhand. It is a chief Jain
pilgrimage site and the holy place for Jains. It is believed in the Jain culture that
20 of the 24 Tirthankaras attained Moksha from this place. The height of the
hill is 1,350 meters.
·
Netarhat: Netarhat
is a town in Latehar district. Referred to as the “Queen of Chotanagpur”, it is
a hill station.
·
Trikut: Trikut Hill
is located ten kilometers away from Deoghar and lies on the way to Dumka in
Jharkhand. Trikut hill is also called Trikutchal because there are 3 major
peaks on the hill. The height of Trikut hill is 2470 feet.
·
Ranchi Hill: The
Ranchi Hill is an attractions in Ranchi, Jharkhand. At Ranchi Hill's pinnacle,
there is a holy place dedicated to Lord Shiva. At the pedestal of the hill of
Ranchi there is a lake, Ranchi Lake.
·
Tagore Hill:
The Tagore Hill is
also recognized as the Morabadi Hill. The Tagore hill is located in Morabadi,
Ranchi. The brother of Rabindranath Tagore, Jyotirindranath Tagore had made a
tour at Ranchi in the year 1908.[citation needed]
·
Canary Hill: Canary
Hill is surrounded by parks and has 3 narrow lakes.[citation needed] Canary hill has a surveillance tower.
From the hill's top there are views of the township.
·
Nandan Hill: Nandan
hill is a small hill binding the township which has a Nandi Temple. The Nandan
hill is located in front of the Shiv temple. It is also surrounded by a lake.
·
Fuldungri: Fuldungri
is situated on a small hill near Ghatshila town. Fuldungri's peak has view of
the nearby hills and valleys. Burudih Lake is situated seventeen kilometers
North of Fuldungri.
Dassam Falls near Ranchi is a
tributary of Subarnarekha
River.
·
Son River: Origin of
Son River: Amarkantak, Cities on the Shore of Sone River: Sidhi, Dehri, Patna
·
Subarnarekha
River: Origin of Subarnarekha River: Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on
the Shore of Subarnarekha River: Chandil, Jamshedpur, Ghatshila, Gopiballavpur
·
Damodar River:
Origin of Damodar River: Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of Damodar
River: Bokaro, Asansol, Raniganj, Durgapur, Bardhaman
·
North Koel River:
Origin of North Koel River: Chota Nagpur plateau, Cities on Shore of North Koel
River: Daltonganj
·
South Koel River:
Origin of South Koyal River: Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of South
Koyal River: Manoharpur, Rourkela
·
Lilajan River: Also
known as Falgu river. Origin of Lilajan River: Northern Chota Nagpur Plateau,
City on the Shore: Gaya
·
Ajay River: Origin
of Ajay River: Munger, Cities on the Shore of Ajay River: Purulia, Chittaranjan,
Ilambazar, Jaydev Kenduli
·
Mayurakshi River:
Origin of Mayurakshi River: Trikut hill, City on the Shore of Mayurakshi River:
Suri
A crocodile at Muta crocodile breeding centre
at Ormanjhi, Ranchi
Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna. The National
Parks and the Zoological Gardens located in the state of Jharkhand present a
panorama of this variety.
Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be
accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reservesunder the Project Tiger. This
reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna,[59] as indicated within brackets: mammals
(39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed
bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and
semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17).
See also: Sadan people, Nagpuri people,
and Tribes
of Jharkhand
According to the 2011
Indian Census, Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million,
consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females.[60] The sex ratio is
947 females to 1000 males.[60] The literacy rate of the state was
67.63% with Ranchi
district being most educated at 77.13% compared to rural Pakur
district being least at 50.17%.[60]
|
showPopulation Growth
|
Hindi (61.95%)
Santali (9.91%)
Bengali (9.74%)
Urdu (5.96%)
Ho (3.01%)
Mundari (2.93%)
Kurukh (2.89%)
Odia (1.61%)
Maithili (0.42%)
Others (1.58%)
Hindi is the
official language in Jharkhand[4] and is spoken by the majority of the
population (61.95%), although different regions have their own dialects. These
include Nagpuri, Khortha and Kurmali spoken
by Sadan,
the native Indo-Aryan ethnic
groups of Jharkhand. Jharkhand has accorded second language status to Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Ho, Kharia, Kurukh, Khortha, Kurmali, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali and Urdu.[5][63][4]
Sun Temple at
Ranchi; Hinduism is the largest religion in the state
Hinduism (67.8%)
Islam (14.5%)
Sarnaism (12.8%)
Christianity (4.3%)
Not stated (0.6%)
As per the 2011
census, Hinduism is
the majority religion in the state at 67.8%, followed by Islam at 14.5% and Christianity at
4.3%.[64] Other religions, primarily Sarnaism, constitute
12.8% of the population.[65]
Main article: Government of Jharkhand
The constitutional head of the government of Jharkhand is the
governor, who is appointed by the President
of India. The real executive power rests with the chief minister and
the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a
majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the government.
The head of the bureaucracy of the state is the chief secretary.
Under this position, is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, Indian Forest Service, and different wings of the
state civil services. The judiciary is
headed by the Chief Justice. Jharkhand has a High
Court which has been functioning since 2000. All the branches
of the government are located in the state capital, Ranchi.
Main articles: Administrative divisions of Jharkhand and Districts of Jharkhand
The state was formed with 18 districts that were formerly part
of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new
districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Sahebganj, Khunti and
Ramgarh. At present, the state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts. One
interesting thing about Jharkhand is that all its districts, except Lohardaga
and Khunti, share a border with a neighboring state.[66]
Youth marching: parade for India's Republic
Day, Jharkhand state, India
|
·
Garhwa
·
Palamu
·
Latehar
|
·
Chatra
·
Giridih
·
Koderma
·
Dhanbad
·
Bokaro
·
Ramgarh
|
·
Ranchi
·
Gumla
·
Simdega
·
Khunti
|
·
Deoghar
·
Jamtara
·
Dumka
·
Godda
·
Pakur
|
|
Rank
|
City
|
District
|
Population
|
Rank
|
City
|
District
|
Population
|
Jamshedpur
Bokaro
|
|
01
|
1,339,438
|
06
|
185,555
|
|||||
|
02
|
1,196,214
|
07
|
153,595
|
|||||
|
03
|
1,120,374
|
08
|
143,630
|
|||||
|
04
|
564,319
|
09
|
132,425
|
|||||
|
05
|
203,123
|
10
|
120,325
|
Open-cast Coal Mining in Dhanbad
Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic
amenities. Urbanization ratio is 24.1% and the per capita annual income is
US$726.8.[68] Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources:
minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from iron ore(1st), coal(3rd), copper ore
(1st), mica (1st), bauxite (3rd), Manganese, limestone, china clay, fire clay, graphite (8th), kainite (1st), chromite(2nd), asbestos (1st), thorium (3rd), sillimanite, uranium (Jaduguda
mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and even gold (Rakha Mines) (6th)
and silverand several
other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration
of industry, in centres
like Jamshedpur,
Dhanbad, Bokaro and
Ranchi. Tata
Steel, a S&P CNX 500 conglomerate
has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar, Jharkhand.[69] It reported a gross income of ₹.
204,910 million for 2005. NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine
in state in 2011–12, for which the company will be investing about Rs 1,800
crore.[70]
Agriculture is another sector in economy of Jharkhand which
helps economy to grow. In Jharkhand, farmers produce several crops such as
rice, wheat, maize, pulses, potatoes, and vegetables such as tomato, carrots,
cabbage, brinjal, pumpkin, and papaya. The other Industry are cottage industry
and IT industry.[71]
Main article: Culture
of Jharkhand
See also: Cuisine
of Jharkhand
Staple food of Jharkhand are rice, dal, vegetable and tubers. Spices are sparingly used in cuisine.
Famous dishes include Chirka roti, Malpua, Pittha,
Dhuska, Arsa roti, Dudhauri, Litti Chokha and Panipuri (Gupchup).[72][73] Rugra and Putoo is a type of edible
mushroom that is grown extensively in Jharkhand and harvested during the rainy
months. It has a hardened, white, edible shell and a softer dark colored
centre. Bamboo
shoots are also used as vegetable.[74] The leaf of Munga (Moringa oleifera)
and Koinar tree(Bauhinia
variegata) used as leafy vegetable or Saag.[75]
Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer, originally known as
Handi or Handia ,
named after the vessel handi(earthen pot) used to make it. Handiya is
culturally associated with native i.e. Sadans and Tribal, this drink consumed
by both men and women, on social occasions like marriage and other festivals.[76][77] Another common liquor is called Mahua daru, made from
flowers of the "Mahua" tree (Madhuca
longifolia).[78]
See also: Folk dances of Jharkhand
There are several Folk dance in Jharkhand such as:Jhumair, Mardana Jhumair,
Janani Jhumair, Domkach, Lahasua, Vinsariya,
Jhumta, Fagua, Paika, Chhau,
Mundari and Santali dance.[79]
Major local festival of Jharkhand are Karam, Jitia,
Nawakhani, Sohrai/Bandna/Diwali, Phagua, Dussehra, Tussu,
Vaha, Sarhul and Mage
Porob etc.[80]
Sahrai Painting performed during Sohrai festival.
Various design are painted in Courtyard and wall.[80]
Main article: Cinema
of Jharkhand
Jharkand produce many films in regional and Tribal languages
including Nagpuri, Khortha, Santali, Ho and Kurukh etc.[81]
There are some television channel, newspapers and radio which
operates in Jharkhand. DD
Jharkhand is important Channel in Jharkhand. All India Radio also
operates from Ranchi.[82]
Hindustan, Dainik Jagran, Prabhat Khabar,
Ranchi Express are some of the Hindi newspapers and The
Times of India, Hindustan Times, Navbharat Times, The Telegraph are some English newspapers in
Jharkhand.
State Highway 2 in the Mountainous Patratu Valley
Ranchi
Airport is the largest domestic airport in the state with air
connectivity to major Indian cities of Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Mumbai, Hyderabad among
others.[83] Other airports present in the state
are Bokaro
Airport, Jamshedpur
Airport, Chakulia Airport, Atal Bihari International
Airport, Deoghar,Dumka
Airport and Dhanbad
Airport who mostly run private and charter flights.[84]
Jharkhand has extensive network of National Highways and State Highways.[85] There is 2,661.83 kilometres
(1,653.98 mi) of paved National Highways in the state as of 2016.[85] The National highways present in the
state are numbered 2, 6, 23, 31, 32, 33, 43, 75, 78, 80, 98, 99, 100, 114A, 133, 133B, 133A, 143A, 220, 333, 333A, 343 and 419.[85] The Golden
Quadrilateral network of Delhi – Kolkata route
runs through Jharkhand notably at Dhanbad.[86][87]
Jharkhand is landlocked state but has numerous rivers and
waterways.[88] A multi-model port has been planned at Sahebganj where
river Ganges flows.[89] The project is estimated to cost INR
6,500 crores and phase-1 is estimated to be completed by 2019.[90]
See also: Railway stations in Jharkhand
As per the 2011 census conducted by Government
of India the official literacy rate for the state was 67.63%
(male: 78.45%; female: 56.21%) with nine districts above the average literacy
rate:[92][93]
·
Ranchi: 77.13% (male:
85.53%; female: 68.20%)
·
East Singhbhum: 76.13%
(male: 84.51%; female: 67.33%)
·
Dhanbad: 75.71% (male:
85.68%; Female: 64.70%)
·
Ramgarh: 73.92% (male:
83.51%; female: 63.49%)
·
Bokaro: 78.48% (male:
84.50%; female: 61.46%)
·
Hazaribagh: 70.48%
(male: 81.15%; female: 59.25%)
·
Saraikela Khasawan:
68.85% (male: 81.01%; female: 56.19%)
·
Kodarma: 68.35% (male:
81.25%; female: 54.77%)
·
Lohardaga: 68.29%
(male: 78.62%; female: 57.86%)
·
Deoghar: 66.34% (male:
79.13%; female: 53.39%)
Since the formation of the new state, the Jharkhand Education
Project Council (JEPC) has been implementing four projects to spread elementary
education: DPEP, SSA, NPEGEL, and KGBV. The state has been moving towards the goal
of universal elementary education but the target of 100% enrolment and
retention of children in schools has not yet been attained.[94] Jharkhand has made primary education so
accessible that 95% of children of ages 6–11 are enrolled in school, as opposed
to 56% in 1993–94; this will likely improve literacy a great deal.[citation needed]
The medium of instruction in schools is Hindi/English with English/Hindi/Sanskrit/Bengali/Odia as second
language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join 2 years of
Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in Arts, Science and Commerce.
This is followed by 3 years of degree courses (graduation) or 4
years of Engineering/Agriculture/Medicine degree.
On May 2008, Jharkhand became the first in India to introduce
free haircuts for
poor students. 40,000 barbers will
be employed with a monthly salary of 1000 rupees (25 US dollars) which will
cost the state government 40 million rupees (1 million US dollars).[95]
Under Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan 89
English medium senior secondary school named Model school have been established
in about each block of district on 2011
·
AISECT University, Jharkhand, Hazaribagh
·
Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi
·
Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi
·
Jharkhand Rai University, Ranchi
·
Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University, Ranchi
·
Kolhan University,
Chaibasa
·
Nilamber-Pitamber University, Medininagar
·
Ranchi University,
Ranchi
·
Sido Kanhu Murmu University, Dumka
·
Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh
·
National Institute of Foundry
and Forge Technology (NIFFT), Ranchi
·
Xavier Institute of Social Service (XISS),
Ranchi
·
Xavier Labour Relations Institute (XLRI),
Jamshedpur
·
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi
·
Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri, Dhanbad
·
Cambridge Institute of Technology, Ranchi
·
DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Daltonganj
·
Indian Institute of Management Ranchi IIM-Ranchi
·
XLRI - Xavier School of Management , Jamshedpur
·
Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS),
Ranchi
Because of its mild climate, jharbhoomi, particularly its capital
Ranchi, has been like a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set
up for treatment of mentally
challenged.[96][not in citation given] European Mental Hospital was established
along with Indian Mental Hospital. Today they are called Central Institute of
Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro-psychiatry and Allied Sciences
respectively. In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent
malnutrition have given rise to diseases like tuberculosis (TB).
In fact, TB has assumed epidemic proportions
in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such TB, Itki TB
Sanatorium, Ranchi, established in 1928 has been doing exemplary work as a
premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB. The Itki TB
Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by the Indian government for quality
assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M.TB. It provides free
of cost treatment for TB as well as Drug resistant TB. Likewise, in the field
of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,[97] is rendering pioneering work. In the
same way Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the
treatment Cancer and heart related problems with capacity of 1100 beds one of
the largest in eastern India.
Although several public and private health facilities are
available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related
services require improvements. An exception is the Tata Motors Hospital which
is an example of an ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching
facilities.[citation needed]
Ranchi, the capital, has witnessed a sharp growth in the number
of hospitals. Hospitals like Orchid ,
Medanta hospital Ranchi, Medica Ranchi, Rims ranchi have introduced world class
healthcare services to the people of the state. However, in rural areas
facilities are still scarce and reliant on foreign aid projects (such as Traditional Healthcare in Datom) for the
establishment of clinics
Fluoride in
groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led
by the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi in
collaboration with UNICEF in
the northwest districts of Palamau and Garhwa found
fluoride levels above the drinking WHO drinking water guidelines.[98] Excessive amounts of fluoride in
drinking water can lead to dental fluorosis,
prevalent bone fractures, and skeletal
fluorosis, an irreversible disabling condition.[99] Some work has focused on combating
fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants.[100] Researchers at Princeton
University and the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi
are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an
epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems
and the impact of future interventions.[101][102]
Almost 80% of Jharkhand's people are farmers, although it
contains 40% of India's mineral reserves it has some of India's poorest people,
in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought, with people criticising the
government for not providing food aid or assistance.[103]
Cricket, hockey, and football are
common games in Jharkhand. Players like Jaipal Singh, a
former Indian hockey captain and Olympian and Manohar Topno currently
play for the Indian Hockey team. Jaipal Singh was
the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in
the 1928
Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Mahendra
Singh Dhoniwho was the captain of Indian
cricket team and led the Indian cricket team to ICC Cricket World Cup Glory on 2 April 2011,
ending a 28-year wait to repeat the feat achieved by former Indian
captain Kapil Dev in
1983 at Lord's, England.[104]
Aerial View of JRD Tata Sports Complex and Keenan Stadium in
Jamshedpur
Another rising cricketer from Jharkhand is Varun Aaron, India's
fastest bowler, Shahbaz
Nadeem , left armed spinner, Saurabh Tiwary, left
hand hard hitting batsman of India who represented Mumbai Indians from
the 2008 Indian Premier League and currently playing
for Delhi Daredevils in 2015. He was one of the key
batsmen in the Indian team that won the 2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup in Malaysia. Ashunta
Lakra, sister of Vimal Lakra is the Indian Hockey Captain currently. One of the
emerging sport personality is Deepika Kumari, a
young Indian athlete who competes in the event of Archery. She won gold medal
in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual recurve event. Nikki Pradhan currently
a member of the Indian national team. Pradhan was the first
female Hockey player from Jharkhand who represented India in the Olympics.
Former Indian Cricket team Captain Mahendra
Singh Dhoni hails from Ranchi
An International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium and
a practice ground has been constructed. This international stadium has hosted
an International Match between India and England on 19 January 2013.[105] Apart from that, this stadium has hosted
two IPL 6 matches
for KKR and qualifier 2 of IPL 8 between CSK and RCB and Celebrity Cricket League Matches for
Bhojpuri Dabanggs. A Tennis Academy, which was inaugurated by Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik, also
runs besides the Cricket stadium.[106] Ranchi is among six cities in Hockey
India League to be played in January 2013. Ranchi franchise was
bought by Patel-Uniexcel Group and the team named Ranchi Rhinos which
is now being co-hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and named as Ranchi Rays.[107]
Main article: Tourism
in Jharkhand
Jharkhand- jharbhoomi is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places.[108][109] Parasnath, Baidyanath Dham and Rajrappa are
major religious places.[110] There are several waterfalls in the
state including Jonha
Falls, Hundru
Falls, Dassam
Falls and Panchghagh Falls.[111][112][113]Netarhat is a
hill station in the state.[114][115][116] There are several wildlife santuries injharbhoomi including Betla
National Park and Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary which are major
attraction for tourist
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